This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor 00:01:59 1 History 00:08:07 2 Importance 00:09:48 3 Simplified operation 00:11:22 3.1 Transistor as a switch 00:13:27 3.2 Transistor as an amplifier 00:14:30 4 Comparison with vacuum tubes 00:14:53 4.1 Advantages 00:16:14 4.2 Limitations 00:17:08 5 Types 00:19:17 5.1 Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 00:22:11 5.2 Field-effect transistor (FET) 00:25:32 5.3 Usage of bipolar and field-effect transistors 00:26:21 5.4 Other transistor types 00:31:40 6 Part numbering standards/specifications 00:32:03 6.1 Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) 00:32:57 6.2 European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association (EECA) 00:34:01 6.3 Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) 00:34:54 6.4 Proprietary 00:36:20 6.5 Naming problems 00:37:21 7 Construction 00:37:30 7.1 Semiconductor material 00:41:34 7.2 Packaging 00:44:12 7.2.1 Flexible transistors 00:44:35 8 See also 00:44:44 9 Directory of external websites with datasheets Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91 Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts "There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect transistor in 1926 but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first practically implemented device was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.Most transistors are made from very pure silicon or germanium, but certain other semiconductor materials can also be used. A transistor may have only one kind of charge carrier, in a field effect transistor, or may have two kinds of charge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller, and require less power to operate. Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very high operating frequencies or high operating voltages. Many types of transistors are made to standardized specifications by multiple manufacturers.